What are the structures that make up the spinal column?

The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column or backbone, consists primarily of vertebrae. These are the bony segments that stack upon one another to form the spine. The vertebrae provide structural support for the body, protect the spinal cord, and allow for flexibility and movement. Each vertebra has specific features that contribute to the overall function of the spine, including interlocking facets that facilitate movement while maintaining stability.

The other options do not constitute the spinal column. Ribs are part of the thoracic skeleton and protect the chest cavity; the pelvis is part of the lower body and connects the spine to the legs; and cartilage, while it plays a supportive role in the joints and between vertebrae (as intervertebral discs), does not form the spinal column itself. Thus, the vertebrae are the key structures that make up the spinal column, highlighting their crucial role in the skeletal anatomy.